CAVING: Basic Lesson: Caves Habitats

Basic Lesson: Cave Habitats

All creatures that spend most or all of his life in the cave called troglodyte. Troglodyte habitat based on environmental conditions that support community life can be divided into four zones, namely:

1. Light zone, which is the mouth of the cave area, the light is the same as outside the cave.
2. Twilight Zone, an area in the cave where green plants can still grow. Light on this area at dusk.
3. Dark zone with a temperature change, a total dark areas characterized by temperature and humidity that can still be changed at any time according to changing weather conditions luar.



Cave Biology Pyramid

4. Constant temperature of the dark zone, an area that is farthest from the mouth of the cave with the temperature and humidity are always fixed.

Animals in the cave can be divided into three different groups, namely:

• Troglopile, the animals who love the darkness, but still foraging in the cave. For example; bats and swiftlets. Although their homes are included in the total dark zone, but the fluctuations in temperature and humidity are constant. So troghopile utilize caves as shelter and refuge.

• Trogloxine, the animals only by chance inside the cave, because the animal is actually foreign to the life of the cave. For example; raccoons, snakes, and so on. This animal is normally found in the mouth of the cave to the twilight zone.

• Troglobion, the entire life cycle of animals which have been done in the cave, so it has different properties with beasts at ground level. For example; fish that have long to live and breed in caves in certain zones undergo physical changes become pigmented, function and vision tidan tentacle become more bare. It can occur after such a long time and the habitat is completely isolated from outside influences.

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CAVING: Basic Lesson

CAVING: Basic Lesson

Caving Indonesia

Speleology is the study of caves. Taken from the Greek words spelation = cave and logos = science. But I can not stand alone, but there is a natural structure that surrounds. So Speleology can be defined as the study of the cave and its environments.

1. According ius (international union of speology) based in Vienna, Austria. The cave is any room in the basement, which can enter the
2. According to Dr. r. K. T. Ko (chairman hikespi, 1985). The cave is an underground river path are still flowing (especially local limestone)

Cave has a characteristic in regulating the temperature inside, which is when the hot air outside, the air inside the cave will feel cool, and vice versa,
Trait causing a cave used for shelter. Caves in Indonesia mostly limestone / karts.

Knowledge About Caves

According to the process of formation, cave can be divided into three types, namely:

1. Lava caves, the caves were formed due to volcanic activity of the volcano. When the eruption, which spewed lava flowing down to form grooves lengthwise. When the top / surface of lava would have frozen, Laca which still continues to flow beneath the surface, causing cavities or hallway.
2. Littoral caves, the caves were formed cliffs coastal areas, due to erosion by wind and waves.
3. Limestone caves or Limenstone, the cave is happening in the local limestone / limenstone, a result of the erosion of water on limestone rocks in the ground. Limestone cave that is the object of the search and exploitation for nature lovers or research inexhaustible by scientists. This is because many residential areas or zones limestone structure, so the caves are nearby, however has a positive or negative effect for people who live in the area. 

Occurrence Process Limestone Caves

Limestone formed from calcium carbonate insoluble by water. But rainwater containing carbon dioxide (the absorption of air and soil) can dissolve it. Limestone has the typical characteristics of many cracks horizontally and vertically. And when the rain water into the hole, so that the dissolution occurs cracks / fissures are increasingly growing.

All the above activities take place in the underground layers of limestone, called seturasi zone, a zone under the free water level (water table), seturasi means the area is saturated with water. While the surface of the water table is the boundary of the zone seturasi.

Dilution activity progressively enlarged, causing a vertical or horizontal hallway even room all filled with water, and in some places they meet each other to form a network. At one time, the water table drops due to the motion of the earth, so the hallways into the caves dry (dry caves), where there is still water / flow. In some places a pond or underground river.

Following the steps above, earth movement and erosion occurs conducted underground water and the rain water through cracks in the walls of the cave, alter the shape and structure of the cave. Then some of the typical form of the cave began to occur, such as:

Stalactites

Stalactites

Which set up a cave ornaments spearhead elongated and tapering down, stick to the roof of the cave. This happens because the water containing high soluble drip through a small point on the roof of the cave. Before the drop of water, evaporation so that the solution of lime contained in it sticks to the roof of the cave and this process runs continuously until a shape that resembles a small pipe with a straw hole. At a certain stage of blockage in the holes so that water no longer flows through the pipe, but again seeping through the base of the pipe and past the outside of the pipe to end of pipe and drip back down. Finally, the outside of the area of ​​the base of the pipe pile a lot of lime solution or in patches, causing bentukkan kerucuk resembling inverted (stalactites).

Stalagmite

Stalagmite

Stalactites formed from the process. As the water dripped onto the floor caves, water evaporation, the solution arises lime buildup set up a cone elongated and tapering to the top.Stalactite and stalagmite which ultimately fused, resembling a pillar / pole called the Column.

Drapery, the process is similar to stalactites, only perembesannya occurs in a slit (crack) that extends to the roof of the cave, so the blunt shape that resembles the curtains like a pair of curtains hanging on the roof downwards with a curve-curve.

Flowstone, occurs because of the accumulation of lime solution on the horizontal slit lengthwise on cave walls, thus forming a half-sphere-shaped mound surface / outer layer such as running water

Gourdam (dam), shaped like a small pond and connect with each other to form a network of just mashing the rice fields. Occurs because the surface of the cave floor is not flat, so at some point the dissolved limestone water flows into the bottom of the cave was blocked and formed in accordance with the groove walls floor and hold it happened repeatedly. 

Helektite, which is odd because it forms stalactites can be branched or parallel to the caves, sometimes not even the growth downwards but upwards towards the roof as against the force of gravity (gravity).

 There are several theories about the formation helektite appear as follows:

1. At a certain air pressure into horizontal growth direction.
2. Wind makes no vertical growth down.
3. There are some specific molecules or bacteria that affect growth. 

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Conclusions of Historical Nature Lovers, and its Development in The Present

For a moment we trace back, in fact human history is not very far from nature. Since prehistoric times where human hunting and gathering food,
nature is their "home". The mountain was headrests, pasture is where they laid, and the caves where they are hiding. But since humans discovered the culture, which he says is more "dignified", as a natural curiosity. Humans build houses for a place to hide. Humans created the mattress to lay down his place, and people setting up buildings to lift her head. Man and nature finally has its own history, when they get back together, then when it is time History Nature Lovers begins.
Nature lovers or adventurer?
Two names, nature lovers and adventurers as if it were a unified whole that can not be split between the two. However, look at the etymology of the word in the Big Indonesian Dictionary would seem apparent that the two are not related to each other. Nature Lovers is the person who really likes to nature, while the adventurer is for people who like a difficult, dangerous, high risk and so on. Thus, etymologically clearly implied both with direction and goals are different, though the space is used both of the same activities, nature. On the other hand, the difference was not limited to the scope of the "term", but also the steps that run. A nature lover is more popular with the environmentalism movement, meanwhile, more adventurous activities more closely with Adventure activities like climbing the mountain, cliff climbing, river rafting and many more activities that make nature as a medium.
Now that is often asked when the destruction of Mother nature is getting worse where nature lovers? as well as with the adventurers who use nature as a medium. Not even uncommon activity "they" ended with the onset of action is very much deviated from the meaning as a lover of nature, for example the practice-paktek vandalism. This is exactly what should be in the back so clear purpose and direction of motion functions and they also not just a rah-rah event alone. they do not characterize the existence of clear directions of motion and group development patterns. Instead of imaging the group as a lover of nature, as the adventurer was not. Their activities tend to be spontaneous actions encouraged or even repelled by the field of high ego and image so that was first imaged, thus many of the "nature lovers" is only limited to "style" that uses nature as a tool.
Lately where environmental degradation is considered more severe, then the role of a Nature lovers is very important to help preserve the environment. To complement his role as an ambassador for the environment, importance to maintain, preserve, protect and conserve nature and our beloved country does so safely and orderly .. not an impossibility three sides are united for the future of our homeland environment so that the creation of the environment is balanced, stable and useful for the present life and future.

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Nature Lovers Activity - History of Hiking

Hiking 1

History of Hiking

There is no conclusive evidence about the exact year, which saw the beginning of Hiking. Otzi, the Iceman is believed to have climbed the Alps about 5000 years ago. However, the first recorded trip is that the Roman Emperor Hadrian to Etna, which is today, an active stratovolcano near Sicily.
Thirteenth century witnessed several expeditions into the Mountains across the world. Between the 1400's and 1500's, many people from the Andes to the Inca Empire treaded for religious reasons. They are believed to have climbed the peak Llullaillaco, which is at an altitude of 6379 masl. Maybe they also reach accomplishments climbing Aconcagua, the highest peak in the Andes. Leonardo da Vinci is said to have ridden a Snowfield in the vicinity of Mount Rosa.
One of the major events in the History of Hiking is climbing Mt Washington Darby Field is located in New Hampshire. No major expedition occurred in the seventeenth century. A snow mountain climbing Titus recorded in 1744. Later years saw a number of important mountain expeditions, which found a place in the timeline hiking. A team of climbers reaching Elbrus, the highest mountain in Europe in 1874. WS Green climbing the Southern Alps of New Zealand in 1882. The highest peak in the Andes recorded has risen in 1897 and 1898 was the year when the Grand Teton Rocky Mountains of North America to rise. Mount McKinley rising in 1913.
The nineteenth century witnessed several expeditions to the Himalayas. Gurkha sepoys trained in Mountaineering activities are very helpful in exploring the mountains of Asia. Year 1953 marks one of the most important events in the history of Mountaineering. It was on May 29 of this year that Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit of Mount Everest.

These are some of the key events in the History of Hiking:

1624:

Jesuit Father, through the mountains of the Himalayas to Tibet Gharwal in Iindia stints misionarisny

1760:

Professoe de Saussure offered a large reward to anyone who can conquer the top of mont blanc in the interests of science

1786:

The highest peak in the Alps Mont Blanc (4807 masl) eventually reached by Dr. Paccaro Balmat and Michel Jacquet

1852:

The first stone golden age golden world in the Alps laid by Alfred Wills Wetterhorn the ascent to the summit (3708 masl), the precursor of mountain climbing as a sport

1852:

Sir George Everest, ultimately determines the height of the world's highest peak, and in immortalized with his name (8848 masl), the peak is Nepal called by the name Sagarmatha, the Tibetans call it Chomolungma

1878:

Clinton Dent de dru Aigullie climb in France that triggered the trend of climbing the cliffs are not very high but it is quite steep and difficult, many people consider this event is the birth of rock climbing

1895:

AF Mummery who called the father of modern Mountaineering lost on Nanga Parbat (8125 masl), this climb was the first ascent of the peak above the height of 8,000 masl

1924:

Mallory and Irvina try to climb Everest, they lost at the height of approximately 8,400 masl

1953:

On the 29th of May Sir Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay finally reached the roof of the world summit of Everest.

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